A Predator-Provoked Display

A pivotal study by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) provided concrete evidence for the defensive hypothesis. Scientists observed a dramatic change in the bug's behavior in the presence of predators.

Experimental Findings

In a controlled environment, researchers exposed matador bugs to two different insects: predatory mantids and harmless katydids. The results were stark.

• The bugs increased their leg-waving seven-fold when faced with a predatory mantis.

• Conversely, the waving was almost entirely absent around the non-threatening katydids.

• Crucially, the predatory mantids did not attack the bugs while they were actively waving, indicating the display is a highly effective deterrent.

How the Waving Works

Scientists propose several mechanisms that could explain the display's success:

• Warning Signal (Aposematism): The bright colors and motion may act as a warning, signaling that the bug is toxic or unpalatable. This toxicity is likely derived from its diet of chemically-defended passionflower vines.

• Visual Confusion: The waving could create what is known as "motion dazzle," making it difficult for a predator to lock onto the bug as a target.

• Intimidation: The exaggerated movements might startle a predator or mimic a larger, more threatening creature, causing it to hesitate or retreat.